1. What cytomorphological features are considered pathognomonic for HPV infection in cervical cytology samples?

2. A 30-year-old woman's cervical cytology sample shows a few small, keratinized squamous cells with dense orange cytoplasm and hyperchromatic nuclei that appear larger than the nuclei of normal superficial cells. These cells are present in small, dense aggregates. What are these features are characteristic of?

3. What is the primary cause of the perinuclear clear zone observed in koilocytes,?

4. A cervical cytology report indicates "ASC-US." What does this mean?

5. The nuclei of LSIL cells are typically how much larger than the nuclei of normal intermediate squamous cells?

6. How are atypical parakeratotic cells primarily distinguished from normal parakeratotic cells?

7. What feature in the nuclear membrane contour should raise suspicion for a high-grade lesion rather than LSIL?

8. A 40-year-old woman's cervical cytology sample reveals small, keratinized cells with dense orange cytoplasm occurring both singly and in small, tight clusters. The nuclei are hyperchromatic and slightly larger than those of normal superficial cells. Koilocytes are also present in the background. What diagnosis is suggested by he presence of these atypical parakeratotic cells alongside koilocytes?

9. What key feature distinguishes atypical parakeratotic cells from normal parakeratotic cells ?

10. The chromatin pattern is used to distinguish atypical parakeratosis due to HPV from high-grade squamous lesions (HSIL). What chromatin pattern would you expect to see in HPV-affected atypical parakeratotic cells?